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This article covers the various different major pieces of mill machinery to be found in windmills, watermills and horse mills. It does not cover machinery found in modern factories.* Reynolds, John (1974). Windmills and Watermills. London: Hugh Evelyn Ltd.. SBN 238.78943.8. covers all entries
Contents |
Machinery in a watermill
Crown Wheel and Upright Shaft.
Pit Wheel, Great Spur Wheel, Stone Nut (Underdrift stones)
Pit Wheel, Wallower and Upright Shaft.
A Waterwheel
The axle carries the waterwheel. It can also carry the Pit Wheel at its opposite end.
The Bedstone is the bottom of a pair of millstones. It does not move. The upper stone is called the Runner Stone.
The Crown Wheel is a driving wheel located at the top of the Upright Shaft
The Great Spur Wheel is a large gear attached to the Upright Shaft. It drives one or more Stone Nuts in a corn mill. If mounted on a Layshaft it is called a Spur Wheel and only drives one Stone Nut
A Layshaft in a watermill is a horizontal shaft, carrying a Wallower and one or more Spur Wheels. The term can also refer to a minor shaft driving machinery by pulleys and belts.
Millstones driven from above are known as Overdrift stones.
The Pit Wheel is mounted on the opposite end of the axle to the waterwheel. It drives the Wallower on the Upright Shaft or Layshaft.
Some waterwheels have a rack attached to the circumference, which drives the mill via a pinion mounted on a separate axle, which has a Pit Wheel at its opposite end. This is known as Rim Drive.
The Runner Stone is the topmost of a pair of millstones. It is driven by the Stone Nut. The lower stone is called a Bedstone.
A Stone Nut is a small gear driven by the Great Spur Wheel or Spur Wheel. It drives the Runner Stone. In most watermills, the stones are driven from below. These are called Underdrift stones. A few watermills drove the stones from above, known as Overdrift stones.
Millstones driven from beneath are known as Underdrift stones.
The Upright Shaft in the main driven shaft in a watermill. It carries the wallower, Great Spur Wheel and sometimes a Crown Wheel.
The Wallower is a small gear at the base of the upright shaft in a watermill, it is driven by the Pit Wheel.
A waterwheel is the source of power for a watermill. It is mounted on the axle and drives the mill by a Pit Wheel or Rim Drive.
Machinery in a windmill
Brake Wheel and Windshaft.
Overdrift millstones
A Stone Nut in a Dutch Overdrift windmill
A Windshaft
The Bedstone is the bottom of a pair of millstones. It does not move. The upper stone is called the Runner Stone.
The Brake Wheel is the main driving wheel in a Smock or Tower mill, and in some post mills. It is carried on the Windshaft and drives the Wallower on the Upright Shaft
The Great Spur Wheel is carried on the Upright Shaft It drives the Stone Nuts. Millstones driven by the Great Spur Wheel can be either Overdrift or Underdrift.
The Head Wheel is carried on the Windshaft in a Post Mill and has a brake around its circumference. It drives a Stone Nut, Millstones driven by the Head Wheel are always Overdrift stones.
Millstones driven from above are known as Overdrift stones.
The Runner Stone is the topmost of a pair of millstones. It is driven by the Stone Nut. The lower stone is called a Bedstone.
The Sails are the source of power in a windmill. They are carried on the Windshaft. Most windmills had four sails, although some had five {Boston), six (Waltham, Lincs) or eight sails Heckington, Lincs and there is one recorded twelve sailed windmill (Cottenham, Cambs).
The Stone Nut is a small gear driven by the Great Spur Wheel, Head Wheel, or Tail Wheel. It drives the Runner Stone either from above (Overdrift} or below {Underdrift).
The Tail Wheel is carried on the Windshaft in a Post Mill and drives a Stone Nut. Millstones driven by the Tail Wheel are always Overdrift stones.
Millstones driven from beneath are known as Underdrift stones.
The Upright Shaft is the main vertical shaft found in Smock and Tower mills. It is also found in some Post mills. It carries the Wallower at its top end, and a Great Spur Wheel at the bottom end. The Great Spur Wheel drves two or more Stone nuts.
The Wallower is a driven gear at the top of the Upright Shaft in Smock, Tower and some Post mills. It is driven by the Brake Wheel
The Windshaft carries the Sails and also the Brake Wheel (Smock and Tower mills, and in some Post mills) or the Head Wheel and Tail Wheel in a Post Mill.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia
